Kamus Inggeris Bahasa Malaysia

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dictionaries English OED
OxfordThe
+31. reference source that includes an alphabetical list of terms with their definitions; reference source which provides information on a given list of terms (i.e. translations, meanings, spelling, pronunciation, etc.), wordbook; list of items with corresponding information used for reference; terminology
+22. Definitive historical dictionary of the English language. It was conceived by London's Philological Society in 1857 and sustained editorial work began in 1879 under James Murray. Published in 10 volumes between 1884 and 1928, it first appeared under its current name in 1933. Its definitions are arranged mostly in order of historical occurrence and illustrated with dated quotations from English-language literature and records. Its second edition was published in 20 volumes in 1989.
+23. Reference work that lists words, usually in alphabetical order and gives their meanings and often other information such as pronunciations, etymologies and variant spellings. The earliest dictionaries, such as those created by Greeks of the 1st century AD, emphasized changes that had occurred in the meanings of words over time. The close juxtaposition of languages in Europe led to the appearance, from the early Middle Ages on, of many bilingual and multilingual dictionaries. The movement to produce an English dictionary was partly prompted by a desire for wider literacy, so that common people could read Scripture and partly by a frustration that no regularity in spelling existed in the language. The first purely English dictionary was Robert Cawdrey's A Table Alphabetical (1604), treating some 3,000 words. In 1746–47 Samuel Johnson undertook the most ambitious English dictionary to that time, a list of 43,500 words. Noah Webster's dictionary of Americanisms in the early 19th century sprang from a recognition of the changes and variations within language. The immense Oxford English Dictionary was begun in the late 19th century. Today there are various levels of dictionaries, general-purpose dictionaries being most common. Modern lexicographers (dictionary makers) describe current and past language but rarely prescribe its use.
+24. reference book that lists words in order and gives their meanings. In dictionaries of Western languages, the words are given in alphabetical order. In addition to its basic function of defining words, a dictionary may provide information about their pronunciation, grammatical forms and functions, etymologies, syntactic peculiarities, variant spellings and antonyms. A dictionary may also provide quotations illustrating a word's use and these may be dated to show the earliest known uses of the word in specified senses. The word comes from the Latin dictio, the act of speaking and dictionarius, a collection of words. Although they are a different type of reference work, there are encyclopaedias that use the word dictionary in their name (e.g., biographical dictionaries). Basically, a dictionary lists a set of words with information about them. The list may attempt to be a complete inventory of a language or may be only a small segment of it. A short list, sometimes at the back of a book, is often called a glossary. When a word list is an index to a limited body of writing, with references to each passage, it is called a concordance. Theoretically, a good dictionary could be compiled by organizing into one list a large number of concordances. A word list that consists of geographic names only is called a gazetteer. The word lexicon designates a wordbook, but it also has a special abstract meaning among linguists, referring to the body of separable structural units of which the language is made up. In this sense, a preliterate culture has a lexicon long before its units are written in a dictionary. Scholars in England sometimes use lexis to designate this lexical element of language. The compilation of a dictionary is lexicography; lexicology is a branch of linguistics in which, with the utmost scientific rigour, the theories that lexicographers use in the solution of their problems are developed. The common phrase dictionary order takes for granted that the alphabetical order will be followed and yet the alphabetical order has been called a tyranny that makes dictionaries less useful than they might be if compiled in some other order. The assembling of words into groups related by some principle, as by their meanings, can be done and such a work is often called a thesaurus or synonymy. Such works, however, need an index for ease of reference and it is unlikely that alphabetical order will be superseded except in specialized works. The distinction between a dictionary and an encyclopaedia is easy to state but difficult to carry out in a practical way: a dictionary explains words, whereas an encyclopaedia explains things. Because words achieve their usefulness by reference to things, however, it is difficult to construct a dictionary without considerable attention to the objects and abstractions designated. A monolingual dictionary has both the word list and the explanations in the same language, whereas bilingual or multilingual (polyglot) dictionaries have the explanations in another language or different languages. The word dictionary is also extended, in a loose sense, to reference books with entries in alphabetical order, such as a dictionary of biography, a dictionary of heraldry or a dictionary of plastics. This article, after an account of the development of dictionaries from classical times to the recent past, treats the kinds of dictionaries and their features and problems. It concludes with a brief section on some of the major dictionaries that are available. Examples for the sections on the types of dictionaries and on their features and problems are drawn primarily from the products of English lexicographers. reference book that lists words in order and gives their meanings. In dictionaries of Western languages, the words are given in alphabetic order. In addition to its basic function of defining words, a dictionary may provide information about their pronunciation, grammatical forms and functions, etymologies, syntactic peculiarities, variant spellings, conventional abbreviations and synonyms and antonyms. A dictionary may also provide quotations illustrating a word's use and these may be dated to show the earliest known uses of the word in specified senses. The word dictionary itself comes from the Latin dictio, the act of speaking and dictionarius, a collection of words. It can be said that dictionaries define words while encyclopaedias define things, though there are many encyclopaedias that use the word dictionary in their name (e.g., biographical dictionaries). The initial impetus for making dictionaries differed slightly from current principles. The early emphasis was less on making inventories of current word usage than on explaining changes or differences of meaning over centuries and among languages. Greeks in the first century AD made dictionaries to explain obsolete words from their rich literary past. Latin also was preserved in dictionaries, which were of considerable value because most scholarly work in Europe during the Middle Ages was done in Latin. So influential was one such dictionary, compiled by Ambrogio Calipino in 1502, that the name calepin was often substituted for the word dictionary. The close juxtaposition of so many languages in Europe led to the appearance of many bilingual and polyglot (multilingual) dictionaries from the early Middle Ages. Examples of certain words in the 7th and 8th centuries are the earliest records of English and for a long while, bilingual dictionaries provided the best explanations of English words. In the 16th and 17th centuries, works appeared combining French, English, Italian, Latin, Spanish and Welsh in assorted variations. These works reflect the interest in and traffic with continental European cultures and the Renaissance enthusiasm for classical literature. One result was the influx into English of many Greek- and Latin-derived words. The movement to produce an English dictionary was partly prompted by a desire for wider literacy, so that common people could read Scripture and partly by a frustration of the educated that no regularity in spelling existed for the English language. Robert Cawdrey borrowed heavily from several earlier sources to make his A Table Alphabetical (1604), a 3,000-word list considered to be the first purely English dictionary. Other notable works of the period were John Bullokar's An English Expositor (1610) and Henry Cockeram's The English Dictionarie (1623), which was the first to actually use the word in its title. Subsequent English dictionaries built on their predecessors and added innovations such as the inclusion of cant and dialect (Coles, 1676); stressing of word origins or etymology (Blount, 1656); an abridged dictionary (Kersey, 1708) and accents for pronunciation (Bailey, 1727). In general, English dictionaries were thought to be inferior to those on the continent. In 174647, with the backing of some prominent publishers, the poet and critic Samuel Johnson undertook the most ambitious English dictionary to that time and compiled a list of 43,500 words. The work was fastidious in discerning different senses for words and included 118,000 judiciously chosen illustrative quotations from the best literature of the language. Like many persons both before and after him, Johnson worried that changes in a language caused it to decay and hoped that a dictionary would check that decay. He realized as he worked that language is the work of man, of a being from whom permanence and stability cannot be derived. The makers of dictionaries, lexicographers, can only describe current and past language; they cannot prescribe its use. The spirit that recognized the changes and variations within language led to Noah Webster's dictionary of Americanisms in the early 19th century. Along the same lines was a dictionary of Scotland's language by John Jamieson that used as its source the everyday speech of common people. A further development in the 19th century was the work of philologists like Jacob Grimm and Franz Bopp, who found a systematic connection between most European languages and Sanskrit. The resulting discovery of the Indo-European family of languages changed the nature of etymology. By the end of the 19th century the immense Oxford English Dictionary (OED), meant to be a definitive inventory of the English language, was underway. Between 1879 and 1928, when it was finally finished, 15,000 pages, using 1, 827, 306 illustrative quotations, were compiled. Similar works have been completed in France, Italy and Germany. The monumental task posed by these immense inventories is updating them as the language changes. The modern dictionary remains a difficult undertaking, beginning with the task of choosing a word list that will serve its readers well. In the field of science, words are continually coming into existence and to name even all existing species of living creatures would be prohibitive (there are more than one million known insect species). Lexicographers have come to be regarded as the guardians of the language, which they are not. Language is, by nature, an ever-changing human phenomenon, but social and sometimes political pressures often force dictionary publishers to tailor word lists according to societal preferences. Pronunciation, for example, is enormously variable among speakers, but some guide is necessary because the phonetics of so many English words is variable. In general, the standard dictionary today will provide some uniformity in spelling, aid to pronunciation, a sense of a word's grammatical applications, sense meanings, illustrative quotations, a label that indicates a level of acceptability (for example, regional dialect or vulgar usage) and a word's etymology. There are various levels of dictionaries, general-purpose being most common. Scholarly dictionaries such as the second edition of the OED (1989; known as OED2) are more thorough and include exhaustive etymologies as well as obsolete words. Specialized dictionaries cover narrow fields of knowledge, though their contents are still arranged by alphabetic order. Additional reading General works Walford's Guide to Reference Material, 5th ed., vol. 3 (1991) and Eugene P. Sheehy et al., Guide to Reference Books, 10th ed (1986) and their supplements, both provide histories and scholarly evaluations of the principal current English- and foreign-language dictionaries. American Reference Books Annual, a reviewing service for reference books published in the United States, regularly includes overviews of dictionaries. Gert A. Zischka, Index Lexicorum: Bibliographie der Lexikalischen Nachschlagewerke (1959), contains an extensive bibliography of specialized dictionaries. Frances Neel Cheney and Wiley J. Williams, Fundamental Reference Sources, 2nd ed (1980), includes discussions of good dictionaries. Annie M. Brewer, Dictionaries, Encyclopedias and Other Word-Related Books, 4th ed., 2 vol (1988), is a classified catalog of about 38,000 dictionaries, encyclopaedias and similar works in English and all other languages. Tom McArthur, Worlds of Reference: Lexicography, Learning and Language from the Clay Tablet to the Computer (1986), is a readable history of reference book publishing. James Rettig (ed.), Distinguished Classics of Reference Publishing (1992), contains essays on the history and use of 32 reference books, including many mentioned in the article above. Robert L. Collison Warren E. Preece Allen Walker Read History and philosophy Historical and critical notes on English- and foreign-language works are provided in the following bibliographies: Robert L. Collison, Dictionaries of English and Foreign Languages, 2nd ed (1971): A.J. Walford and J.E.O. Screen, A Guide to Foreign Language Courses and Dictionaries, 3rd ed., rev and enlarged (1977); Wolfram Zaunmller, Bibliographisches Handbuch der Sprachwrterbcher (1958), covering the years 14601958; Library of Congress, General Reference and Bibliography Division, Foreign Language-English Dictionaries, rev. ed., 2 vol (1955) and Helga Lengenfelder (ed.), International Bibliography of Specialized Dictionaries, 6th ed (1979). The history of classical dictionaries receives an extended treatment in John Edwin Sandys, A History of Classical Scholarship, vol. 1 (1903, reissued 1967). DeWitt T. Starnes, Renaissance Dictionaries: English-Latin and Latin-English (1954), is an excellent scholarly survey.Surveys of English-language dictionaries include James A.H. Murray, The Evolution of English Lexicography (1900, reprinted 1970); Jrgen Schfer, Early Modern English Lexicography, 2 vol (1989), which comprises a survey of the period 14751640 (vol. 1) and additions and corrections to the Oxford English Dictionary (vol. 2); M.M. Mathews, A Survey of English Dictionaries (1933, reissued 1966), from the earliest times to the 19th century; James Root Hulbert, Dictionaries: British and American, rev. ed (1968), which includes material on etymology and slang and DeWitt T. Starnes and Gertrude E. Noyes, The English Dictionary from Cawdrey to Johnson, 16041755 (1946, reissued 1991). Samuel Johnson's work is specifically studied in James H. Sledd and Gwin J. Kolb, Dr. Johnson's Dictionary: Essays in the Biography of a Book (1955, reprinted 1974) and Allen Reddick, The Making of Johnson's Dictionary, 17461773 (1990). The history of the Oxford English Dictionary is traced in The History of the Oxford English Dictionary, The Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd ed., vol. 1 (1989), pp. xxxvlvi and Robert W. Burchfield and Hans Aarsleff, The Oxford English Dictionary and the State of the Language (1988). American dictionaries in particular are noted in Joseph H. Friend, The Development of American Lexicography, 17981864 (1967) and Eva Mae Burkett, American Dictionaries of the English Language Before 1861 (1979), covering the same period. The documents on the controversy over the Merriam-Webster Third New International Dictionary are collected by James Sledd and Wilma R. Ebbitt, Dictionaries and That Dictionary (1962). Discussions of the technical problems arising in lexicography include Fred W. Householder and Sol Saporta, Problems in Lexicography, 2nd rev. ed (1967), papers of a conference held in 1960especially practical is the paper by Clarence L. Barnhart, Problems in Editing Commercial Monolingual Dictionaries, pp. 161181; Ladislav Zgusta, Manual of Lexicography (1971); Allen Walker Read, Approaches to Lexicography and Semantics, in Thomas A. Sebeok (ed.), Current Trends in Linguistics, vol. 10, pp. 145205 (1972); the proceedings of an International Conference on Lexicography in English, published in the Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences (1973); R.R.K. Hartmann (ed.), Lexicography: Principles and Practice (1983), a collection of papers concerned with the making of dictionaries; Ronald A. Wells, Dictionaries and the Authoritarian Tradition: A Study in English Usage and Lexicography (1973); Sidney I. Landau, Dictionaries: The Art and Craft of Lexicography (1984) and Robert Burchfield, Unlocking the English Language (1989), which discusses, among other topics, the handling by dictionary makers of religious, ethnic and racial epithets and the growing dicontinuity between American and British English. Current discussions and reviews can be found in Dictionaries (annual) and International Journal of Lexicography (quarterly). Evaluative studies Kenneth F. Kister, Kister's Best Dictionaries for Adults & Young People (1992), is an annotated, comparative guide to American and British works; while Brendan Loughridge, Which Dictionary? (1990), reviews only British dictionaries, thesauri and language guides; both contain lists of evaluation criteria.
+25.n a book in which words are listed alphabetically and their meanings, either in the same language or in another language, and other information about them, are givena French- English/ English- French dictionarya dictionary of science Many dictionaries are now available on C D- R O M. If you want to know how a word is spelt, look it up in a dictionary. A dictionary can also be a book which gives information about a particular subject, in which the entries are given in alphabetical order. a biographical dictionarya dictionary of quotations
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Kami mendapati berikut thai kata-kata dan terjemahan untuk 'dictionary':
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dictionary

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Bahasa Inggeris - Bahasa Jepun Kamus:
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Sinonim:
amusement parkBronx Zoo Ezra
garden Gordon McCauley
Mungo New parked
parkingParksparks
RobertRobert E Rosa
York Zoological
+41. public garden; area of preserved land; parking lot (for cars); moving of drive heads to a certain location in order that they will not damage the magnetic media when the heads shake (Computers)
+42. place a vehicle in a location for an extended period of time
+13. formally New York Zoological Park; Zoo in New York City. It opened in 1899 on 265 acres (107 hectares) in the northwestern area of the Bronx. In 1941 it added the 4-acre (1.6-hectare) African Plains, which features large groups of animals in natural surroundings. The zoo also includes the World of Darkness (the world's first major exhibit of nocturnal animals, added in the 1960s), the World of Birds (a huge, indoor free-flight exhibit), the Rare Animal Range (near-extinct species in natural settings), a Children's Zoo, Wild Asia (Asian mammals and birds) and the Congo Gorilla Forest. Managed by the New York Zoological Society and financed by the society and the city, it supports much research and oversees the Wildlife Survival Center on St. Catherine's Island, Georgia.
+14. Petrified Forest National Park
5.anagram karp
6. born September 10, 1771, Fowlshiels, Selkirk, Scot. died ƹ January 1806, near Bussa on the Niger River; Scottish explorer of the Niger River. A trained surgeon, Park had traveled to the East Indies before being chosen by the African Association to head an expedition to find the source of the Niger River (1795–97). He lost most of his crew and supplies, was imprisoned and tortured for four months by hostile Arabs and suffered severe illness, reaching Ségou (now in Mali) but not the river's source. His Travels in the Interior Districts of Africa (1797) became a great popular success. On a second expedition (1805–06) he reached Bamako, but he was killed on the return trip.
7. born February 14, 1864, Harveyville, Pa., United States died February 7, 1944, Nashville, Tenn. United States sociologist. After 11 years as a newspaper reporter, Park attended various universities and studied with scholars such as John Dewey, William James, Josiah Royce and Georg Simmel. He then worked for Booker T. Washington and later taught at the University of Chicago; where he was a leading figure in the 'Chicago school' of sociology, characterized by empirical research and the use of human ecology models; and at Fisk University. He is noted for his work on ethnic groups, particularly African Americans and on human ecology, a term he has been credited with coining. Park wrote Introduction to the Science of Sociology (1921) and The City (1925) with Ernest W. Burgess; Race and Culture (1950) and Human Communities (1952) were published posthumously.
8. born February 14, 1864, Harveyville, Pa., United States died February 7, 1944, Nashville, Tenn. United States sociologist. After 11 years as a newspaper reporter, Park attended various universities and studied with scholars such as John Dewey, William James, Josiah Royce and Georg Simmel. He then worked for Booker T. Washington and later taught at the University of Chicago; where he was a leading figure in the 'Chicago school' of sociology, characterized by empirical research and the use of human ecology models; and at Fisk University. He is noted for his work on ethnic groups, particularly African Americans and on human ecology, a term he has been credited with coining. Park wrote Introduction to the Science of Sociology (1921) and The City (1925) with Ernest W. Burgess; Race and Culture (1950) and Human Communities (1952) were published posthumously.
9. born November 30, 1912, Fort Scott, Kan., United States U.S. writer, photographer and film director. Parks worked as a staff photographer for Life (1948–72), becoming known for his portrayals of ghetto life, black nationalists and the civil rights movement. His first work of fiction was The Learning Tree (1963), a novel about a black adolescent in Kansas in the 1920s. He combined poetry and photography in collections such as A Poet and His Camera (1968) and Glimpses Toward Infinity (1996). He also directed several motion pictures, including Shaft (1971).
10. orig. Rosa McCauley; born February 4, 1913, Tuskegee, Ala., United States U.S. African American civil-rights activist. She worked as a seamstress in Montgomery, Ala., where she was active in the NAACP (1943–56). In 1955 she was arrested after refusing to give her seat on a public bus to a white man. The resultant boycott of the city's bus system, organized by Martin Luther King, Jr. and others, brought the civil rights movement to new prominence. In 1957 Parks moved to Detroit, where she was a staff assistant (1965–88) to United States Rep. John Conyers. She was awarded the Congressional Gold Medal in 1999.
11. Large outdoor area set aside for recreation. The earliest parks were hunting grounds of the Persian kings; such reserves became shaped by riding paths and shelters. A second type of park derived from the open-air meeting places of Greece, where the functions of an area for exercise, social concourse and athletes' training ground were combined with elements of a sculpture gallery and religious centre. Parks of post-Renaissance times featured extensive woods, raised galleries and often elaborate aviaries and cages for wild animals. What often differentiates present-day parks from parks of the past is their accommodation for active recreation; facilities may include outdoor theatres, zoos, concert shells, concessions for dining and dancing, amusement areas, boating areas and areas for sports.
12. Acadia National Park
13. Amazonia National Park
14. Arches National Park
15. Arusha National Park
16. Banff National Park
17. Big Bend National Park
18. Biscayne National Park
19. New York Zoological Park
20. Bryce Canyon National Park
21. Canyonlands National Park
22. Capitol Reef National Park
23. Carlsbad Caverns National Park
24. Central Park
25. Chaco Culture National Historical Park
26. Chesapeake and Ohio Canal National Historical Park
27. Chobe National Park
28. Colonial National Historical Park
29. Cumberland Gap National Historical Park
30. Denali National Park
31. Dry Tortugas National Park
32. Etosha National Park
33. Fiordland National Park
34. Fray Jorge National Park
35. Gates of the Arctic National Park
36. Gemsbok National Park
37. Glacier Bay National Park and Preserve
38. Glacier National Park
39. Gran Paradiso National Park
40. Grand Teton National Park
41. Great Basin National Park
42. Great Smoky Mountains National Park
43. Gros Morne National Park
44. Guadalupe Mountains National Park
45. Haleakala National Park
46. Harpers Ferry National Historical Park
47. Hawaii Volcanoes National Park
48. Hot Springs National Park
49. Hwange National Park
50. Wankie National Park
51. Isle Royale National Park
52. Jasper National Park
53. Joshua Tree National Park
54. Kabalega National Park
55. Kafue National Park
56. Kalahari Gemsbok National Park
57. Katmai National Park and Preserve
58. Kenai Fjords National Park
59. Kings Canyon National Park
60. Kluane National Park
61. Kobuk Valley National Park
62. Kootenay National Park
63. Kruger National Park
64. Lake Clark National Park and Preserve
65. Los Glaciares National Park
66. Mammoth Cave National Park
67. Mesa Verde National Park
68. Morristown National Historical Park
69. Mount Aspiring National Park
70. Mount Cook National Park
71. Nahanni National Park
72. Nahuel Huapí National Park
73. Nairobi National Park
74. national park
75. North Cascades National Park
76. Olympic National Park
77. Park Mungo
78. Park Robert Ezra
79. Phoenix Park murders
80. Prince Albert National Park
81. Pukaskwa National Park
82. Puracé National Park
83. Queen Elizabeth National Park
84. Ruwenzori National Park
85. Redwood National Park
86. Rocky Mountain National Park
87. Rondane National Park
88. San Juan Island National Historical Park
89. Sequoia National Park
90. Serengeti National Park
91. Shenandoah National Park
92. Sitka National Historical Park
93. Snowdonia National Park
94. Theodore Roosevelt National Park
95. Tsavo National Park
96. Valley Forge National Historical Park
97. Virgin Islands National Park
98. Virunga National Park
99. Albert National Park
100. Voyageurs National Park
101. Waterton Lakes National Park
102. Wind Cave National Park
103. Wood Buffalo National Park
104. Wrangell–Saint Elias National Park
105. Yellowstone National Park
106. Yoho National Park
107. Yosemite National Park
108. Zion National Park
109. Parks Gordon
110. Parks Rosa;
111. large area of ground set aside for recreation. The earliest parks were those of the Persian kings, who dedicated many square miles to the sport of hunting; by natural progression such reserves became artificially shaped by the creation of riding paths and shelters until the decorative possibilities became an inherent part of their character. A second type of park derived from such open-air public meeting places as those in ancient Athens, where the functions of an exercising ground, a social concourse and an athletes' training ground were combined with elements of a sculpture gallery and religious centre. In the parks of post-Renaissance times, there were extensive woods, rectilinear alles stretching between one vantage point and another, raised galleries, and, in many cases, elaborate aviaries and cages for wild beasts, attesting to the hunting proclivities of the lords. Later the concept of the public park was somewhat domesticated. An area devoted simply to green landscape, a salubrious and healthful breathing space as a relief from the densely populated and industrialized city of the mid-19th century, became important. Examples of this type of park include Birkenhead Park in England, designed by Sir Joseph Paxton; Jean Charles Alphand's Bois de Boulogne, outside Paris; Central Park in New York City, designed by Frederick Law Olmsted and Calvert Vaux; the Botanic Gardens in Melbourne, Australia and Akashi Park in Kobe, Japan. The design was generally romantic in character. The primary purpose was to provide for passive recreationwalking and taking the air in agreeable surroundings reminiscent of the unspoiled country. What primarily differentiates modern parks is their accommodation for active recreation. Park areas differ considerably from country to country and their designs reflect differences in climate, cultural attitudes, social habits and pastimes. In the gardens of the Generalife, a Spanish family may enjoy its holiday outing in a shaded bosque near a cool fountain. On an evening in Venice, a procession with banners and torches may sweep into one of the little piazzas. In the Buttes-Chaumont in Paris, children may reach out from wooden horses on the merry-go-round to spear a brass ring. During the bright summer weekends in Stockholm, residents cultivate vegetables in allotment gardens that are leased to them by the park department. In Israel, Iran and Pakistan, basketball, football (soccer) and kabadei (a game like rugby) are played in parks; in Japan, volleyball, tennis and sumo (wrestling) may be seen. Almost universally, there is recognition of the creative possibilities of leisure and of community responsibility to provide space and facilities for recreation. The facilities include outdoor theatres, zoos, concert shells, historical exhibits, concessions for dining and dancing, amusement areas, boating and areas for sports of all kinds, such as fly-casting pools and skating rinks. There is always the danger that the original reason for creating the parki.e., to bring a part of nature within reach of the city dwellerwill be sacrificed to its specific recreational functions. It is difficult to keep the balance, because the tempo of urban life has mounted and with it the requirements for intensive use. Another danger to the public park is the automobile. With the tremendous growth in automobile traffic and, consequently, increasing pressure from traffic authorities for more land, there has been hardly a major city that has not lost sections of its parks to highways. There has been a growing awareness, particularly in Europe, that large-scale urban planning should be carried out in such a way that traffic functions are clearly separate and do not encroach on other spheres. In the United States, there have been victories for the park user against the automobile; in San Francisco, the state freeway was halted at the city limits, and, in New York City, Washington Square was closed to traffic. It is unfortunate that the word park has come to connote almost exclusively the romantic style park or English garden of the 19th century. In truth, there are other traditions whose influence has been equally vital. How different from the Parisian Buttes-Chaumont, for instance, are the Tuileries across the river. These were laid out under the supervision of Marie de Mdicis in the style of the Boboli Gardens in Florence. Also the parks of Versailles, the Belvedere Park in Vienna, the Vatican Gardens in Rome, Hellbrun in Salzburg, Blenheim in England, Drottningsholm in Sweden and Peterhof (Petrodvorets) in Russia are all parks that were planned in the Italian Baroque tradition. They were intended not to be a foil or escape from the oppressive city but rather to be its central dramatic focusa display for the opulence of rulers, a piazza for the moving of great crowds, from the tournament and guild ceremonies of Florence in the 17th century to the formal pageantry of the court. It was in the Baroque park that the handling, control and stimulation of crowds in the open air developed as one of the great arts of the urban designer. Another park tradition that has had worldwide influence is that of Islam. In Tehran, Marrakech, Seville, Lahore and Delhi, this tradition is the dominant one and, as with all parks, developed according to the climate, social custom and religious ethos. The original Muslim idea was to think of the garden as a paradise, a symbol of the afterlife as an oasis of beauty blooming in the earthly desert. Water and the cypress are the two main elements. Within the park, then, are water, the symbol of purity, in the four-way river of paradise and trees (above all the cypress, symbolizing life), surrounded by high walls to keep out the dry wind. Everywhere, in keeping with Muslim belief, the design pattern is abstract rather than figurative. The fundamental idea creates its own specific technical skills; nowhere is there more artful use of irrigation for plants, of jets of water to cool the air, of orchards for shade, of colour to break up the sun's glare or of the use of masonry patterns than in these Islamic gardens. The Taj Mahal in India dates from the 17th century, when by the testament of Shah Jahan this area of 20 acres (8 hectares) was to be maintained as a public grounds in perpetuity, where the poor could walk and pick fruit. In China and Japan, a similar opening of the royal precinct for public enjoyment, as with the Winter Palace or the Katsura Imperial Villa Gardens in Kyoto, has been a more recent development. The great religious shrines, however, have always resembled Western parks. The Horimonji temple in Tokyo, the Mimeguri shrine, the great Buddhist temple at Ise and the Inner (Shinto) shrine at Mieshima are examples of an age-old garden tradition in which humanity is but one of a thousand things and where nature is presented in an idealized and symbolic way as an object for contemplation and spiritual enjoyment. In their techniques of horticulture and in their use of stones, water and surface textures, the gardens of East Asia are of a high level. This Eastern tradition had its effect on European park design in the 18th century and again in the 20th century, as in the grounds for the UNESCO building in Paris, designed by Isamu Noguchi.
112.A R E A O F L A N D (n) a large enclosed area of land with grass and trees, which is specially arranged so that people can walk in it for pleasure or children can play in it Central Park Hyde Park I jog round the local park. She sat on the park bench watching the kids play on the swings and slides. (UK) A park is also an area of land around a large house in the countryside. The park around Wickham Abbey is open to the public in the summer. (UK) A park keeper is a person who is in charge of and takes care of a public park.
113.Dream symbol The heart
114.Dream symbol (Amusement Park) healing for depression, request to enjoy yourself.
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Kami mendapati berikut bahasa jepun kata-kata dan terjemahan untuk 'park':
Bahasa_InggerisBahasa_Jepun
1.park

pa-ku

2.park

paruko

3.park

sono

4.park

teien

5.park

kouen

6.park (kata benda)

パルコ

(kata benda)
7.park (kata benda)

パーク

(kata benda)
8.park (kata benda)

公園

(kata benda)
9.park (kata benda)
Sinonim: amusement park

遊園地

(kata benda)
10.park (kata benda)
Sinonim: garden

庭園

(kata benda)
Jadi, ini adalah bagaimana anda mengatakan 'park' di bahasa jepun.
Konjugasi:
present I park
you park
he/she/it parks
we park
you park
they park
simple past I parked
you parked
he/she/it parked
we parked
you parked
they parked
present perfect I have parked
you have parked
he/she/it has parked
we have parked
you have parked
they have parked
past continuous I was parking
you were parking
he/she/it was parking
we were parking
you were parking
they were parking
future I shall park
you will park
he/she/it will park
we shall park
you will park
they will park
continuous present I am parking
you are parking
he/she/it is parking
we are parking
you are parking
they are parking
subjunctive I be parked
you be parked
he/she/it be parked
we be parked
you be parked
they be parked
Bahasa_InggerisBahasa_Jepun
1.

amusement park

yuuenchi
2.

Hyde Park

haidopa-ku
3.

inner park

naien
4.

national park

nashonarupa-ku
5.

park in Yokohama

yamashitakouen
6.

park-and-ride

pa-kuandoraido
7.

safari park

safaripa-ku
8.

a national park

(kata benda)
Sinonim: national park		国立公園 (kata benda)
9.

amusement park

(kata benda)
Sinonim: park		遊園地 (kata benda)
10.

beachfront park

(kata benda)		海浜公園 (kata benda)
11.

bringing one's child to the local park to play for the first time

(kata benda)		公園デビユー (kata benda)
12.

car park

(kata benda)
Sinonim: parking area, pool, motor pool, parking lot		駐車場 (kata benda)
13.

forest park

(kata benda)		森林公園 (kata benda)
14.

Hyde Park

(kata benda)		ハイドパーク (kata benda)
15.

industrial park

(kata benda)		工業団地 (kata benda)
16.

multi-storey car park

(kata benda)		立体駐車場 (kata benda)
17.

national park

(kata benda)
Sinonim: a national park		国立公園 (kata benda)
18.

Olympic Park

(kata benda)		オリンピックパーク (kata benda)
19.

to park

(kata kerja)
Sinonim: to stop, to stay, to cease, to put an end to		停める (kata kerja)
20.

to park

(kata kerja)
Sinonim: to stop, to stay, to cease, to put an end to		留める (kata kerja)
21.

to park a car

(kata kerja)		車を留める
22.

park-and-ride

(kata benda)		パークアンドライド (kata benda)
23.

park in Yokohama

(kata benda)		山下公園 (kata benda)
24.

quasi-national park

(kata benda)		国定公園 (kata benda)
25.

safari park

(kata benda)		サファリパーク (kata benda)
26.

sports park

運動公園 (kata benda)
27.

theme park

(kata benda)		テーマパーク (kata benda)
28.

underwater park

(kata benda)		海中公園 (kata benda)
Sehingga kini, 1,427,525 kata-kata dan ungkapan yang telah dicari, antara 7,566 hari.